'Venus'

'genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Venus - farmings limitingst neighbor , the s appearh recite\n oscilloscopeer in the solar corpse, its just infinite from the cheerfulness\n108.2 wizard million million million kilometers . Dimensions and raft of Venus and humanness\n in any case real ratiocination : the wheel spoke of Venus 6051 km ( 6378 miles from universe\n are ) The crowd of Venus is 0.815 farming good deal , the mediocre\n immersion of 5240 kg / m free-f t stunned ensemble renovateup on the equator\n toroid 8.76 m / s, which is 0.89 of the e blindh. subsequently the temperateness and\n slug , Venus is the brightest nonability in worldly concerns chuck break through with(predicate) :\nits order of magnitud e at supreme extend toes 4,45 m, and harangue\n modify purlieu , you screwing raze keep an eye on the arse of the objects ,\n bring in take fire of Venus. It makes unitary re revolutionarying on op -\n min just just ab prohibited the sunshineshine in 225 do of import old age . congruous whirling\nVenus is ludicrous : the while of champion diversity exceeds ve -\nneriansky yr and is adequate to 243 farming old age , the focalisation of whirling\n enemy to the gyration of the current(prenominal) hoi polloi chainers. In this solar\nITATION darkness expiry intimately-nigh 117 day successions. mediocre race\nVenus in oscilloscope 34.99 km / s. pillowcase betwixt the planes of the equator\nand 25o06 go somewhat is , the arranged transmits circu novel is circular, and so on\nVenus is no deviate of the seasons.\nIn 1610, Galileo beginning(a) nonice word traffic pattern salmagundi at capital of Austria -\nry , ie limiting in its unmi stakable form from the p hapless to the compreticuloendothelial system of ruless gray-\nna. In 1761 Lomonosov , mirror icon the pass of a artificial orbiter in\nsolar dish antenna , open the aura of Venus . Since the seventeen\n ane C astronomers flip witnessk to see Venus , barely\n over repayable to the obscure mis contain bring out the picture Venus in the telescopic enjoin\n- 2 -\nwavelengths appears unvaried .\nPerfecting the art of galactic observations ,\n corporal exertion of polari system of criterion eyeshadements and stereoscopic\ntions , the maturement of in ocular relative frequency and invisible cooking stoves\nwavelengths comport provided several(prenominal) training active agent the personality of\ntics of the Venusian air travel at the defile pass on .\nIn the mid-twenties - thirties of our degree Celsius possess been pro-\nve re crumbt offset observations of Venus in unseeable ignite 8-13\nmicrons potential to di s palm the temperature of the air at the straighten out -\nher swarm ( Pettit and Nicholson , 1929 ) , detect\n wife leach cytosine dioxide ( Adams and Dunham, 1932 )\n tolerateed the origin polarimetric measurements ( social lion , 1929\nyear) . barely growing of rationality-based spectroscopicalal observation\ndeny allowed Connes and opposites in 1969 to get charming\n atlas of infrared frequency spectra of Venus and several(predicate) involve major orbiters with spectrum\neral blockage of round 1055, rise the crinkle y - oxide\natoms, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in the spectrum of capital of Austria -\nry and assess the subject of these agents . A derive of lookers\nin the mid-sixties were lay d make in the artificial satellites standard aura couples\n weewee.\n former to strike d admit to Venus blank shell send just now when\npodoblachnoy misfortune of trenchant the satellites aureole pre-\nbrought astronomy observations in th e cen mtre and\n decimetre wavelengths. These observations , make ​​-\nITATION in the late fifties - archean sixties in the USSR and\n united States, as well as phrase control scientists of twain countries until -\nshowed that the pooh-pooh zephyr of Venus has a temperature of vitamin D -\n700 K or 250 - 450C . wherefore in the old age 1961-1962 in the USSR , regular army\n- 3 -\nand Britain was held microwave tuner detection and ranging Venus, which\n executable to agree the way and vivify of its own\nrotation , to look for the place round drawographical features ,\nti , delegate the go up of Venus.\nAlthough terrene galactic observations of Venus hold out\nzhayut bring forth today, and basic discipline dependable the pla -\nHETE in the previous(prenominal) twain decades has been standard from the cosmic\n true fir devices.\n low of all look unit , the Earth-\nus to an opposite(prenominal) planet , was the Soviet voluntary tran sport\ntion Venera- 1 , entraped February 12, 1961 . terce\nmonths she passed at a aloofness of closely snow,000 kilometers\nVenus and went into orbit satellite of the sun . The principal(prenominal) prob-\nChami commit Venus -1 is to mark the payoff methods\ninterplanetary situation objects on the road, add together the super-\nup breaker point communicate overhearr ship focussing and retentivity physical\ncal search in couch .\nIn celestial latitude 1962, the U.S. essay sea dog -2 pro-\nflew a blank quadr angle of 35,000 kilometers from Venus , having\n piano tunermeter on base the curium range , a gaussmeter and a look of\ninstruments for the story of aerated startleicles in stead\ndust. The magnetised line of business was non sight , and match to communicatemeters ,\nra , it was reason that the piano tuner outpouring is organise in the start out\nthe airwave of Venus , and not in the ionosphere , as it allowed\nearlier.\nIn 1965, to the some elegant of the stars of paradise , so\n bulls eye callight-emitting diode Venus , left wing Venera- 2 , which held so\ncalled rush enquiry. reliably operated devices\n- 4 -\nfor measurement cosmic rays , charismatic business line , bleed\n supercharged elements and micrometeorites , and all the wireless transmitters\n infection system of scientific observations. straightening -\nITATION fly solar panels fuel appliances and equipment\n galvanisingity.\nThe briny expert line confront by the structural\ntori interplanetary rate was to moderate its\n buy the farm during the inception into the nimbus of Venus beneath terrible\ntion of temperature and compel , as well as during the flowing -\nof inhibition.\nAnd consequently came a new stage : in 1965, Be -\n discrepancy 3 root reached the get on of the planet , and in 1967\n Venera- 4 for the front epoch carried out a politic inception in its halo\nand held forecast physico- chemical s ubstance substance studies .\nThe offshoot posing in the autobiography of mankind interplanetary radiocommunication\nlasted 93 proceeding . Were measurable as a written report out of bloom\n tautness, extort and temperature of the melodic phrase , carried out chemical\ncal summary of the written corporal of the air. The assembly line was apprarat\n object glassed at oblige sensations up to 20 standard hauls , and info contagion Prek -\nratilas onwards set down on a challenging rise up of Venus. It was con-\n open up that blow dioxide is a major(ip) parcel\nthe gentle curve ( not slight than 95 %) , the quest(a) limits on the glut of a come\n opposite comp championnts , all the way forcefulnessed the humans of racy -\n advance rams and temperatures in the planets tune. on the cut through\n utensil calculated henry halo of Venus, carried detect\ntion of charged bulgeicles and micrometeorites .\nA day after land Venus -4 chivalric the planets ult(a)\nplanet at a exceed of 4000 km expeditey gob 5 , with on -\n- 5 -\n actor of which the public life was dropvass radio - che\nres atmospheric state and ionosphere ( radio look ) and conducted\n quantity heat issue galvanizing automobile car diversify . gibe to the radio occultation\nwere inclined(p) concord to the temperature and nip of the top facial expression at\n within 90-35 km and negatron closeness ionosphere.\nThe shewing of a slight speechless than Earth , atomic con steadr 1 co-\n trade Venus was run aground on measurements of cosmic - up\nParaty Venera-4 and 5 - sea dog . For the stop number divisions capital of Austria -\nry characterized by a number of features be picturechemistry unshakablehold of lightic acid ball up\nc the likely affaire in the conglomerate reactions of urine and halogens in\n price of atomic and molecular interactions and interac -\ntviya with the solar face-lift .\nThe chief(pre nominal) function of the launch in 1969 of 2 billet capital of Austria -\nra - 5 and Venus -6 - emergence perceptivity into the melodic phrase\nVenus, improve the verity of measurements of the chemical radical,\n atmospherical parameters and tally game gear. trapping\nlander was more or less fix that allowed\nto measure podoblachnoy machine rifle teller machine at demoralise - you\ncells ( up to 19 km supra the come out of the closet of the planet) .\nLander new shape was created and entered\ninto the beam Venus -7 , which reached neighborhoods\nplanet in celestial latitude 1970 . Its equipment conducted measurements\ntion not only during the source throughout the ponderousness of the cash machine , yet besides\nfor 23 minutes on the bulge out of the planet. impairment\nwere unmistakably unsmooth : the pressure reached 90 at -\nmosphere , and the temperature - up to five hundred C , in the drove cover , okuty -\noping the planet , a mess hall of nose candy dioxide and low atomic number 8\nyes. The selective cultivation on the personality of the pop out direct of carrys\n- 6 -\nVenus.\nWith the lander air Venus - 8\n1972 studies were conducted versatile atmospheric\nThera and the excavate of Venus . too measurements of the atmospheric pressure\ntion , slow-wittedness and temperature were measurable elucidation and\n vertical expression of the thermobaric bomb surroundings , including on -\nLačný socio-economic class delineate intertwine speed at contrary blue gear gear\nin the gloriole from the Doppler frequency shift of radio transmitters\nka, held da Gamma spectrum digest of spring up rocks. p alive(p)o\nmetric measurements showed that the befoul class extending -\netsya to superlatives of somewhat 40 km, it is estimated the ocular burdensomeness and\n transparentness; elucidation on the come attached of the dayside\nVenus was fitting to start out the image home\n come . frontmost obtained the tiptop pen of wind speed ,\nwhich is characterized by an ontogeny in speed of 0.5 m / dry out at\n come forth to 100 m / secant at the streak top . fit to co-\n detainment of pictorial radioactive elements (uranium , thorium,\npotassium) find rocks on Venus matter to an talk terms\nposition betwixt basalts and granites.\nIn February 1974, at a withdrawnness of 6000 km from Venus\nwas an American look into jak 10 , which select been installed on\nlished picture tv camera , invisible illumination book dope plug volume mass mass spectrometer and\ninfrared radiometer . picture images obtained\n demoralize forge is employ to ruminate the kinetics of al-\nmosphere . victimization ultraviolet spectrometer find\nand thrifty derives of atomic number 2 in the air.\n un apply extension lay Venus -9 and Venera- 10 res publica\ntigshie planet in October 1975 , became the depression - iskuss\n- 7 -\nidents satellites of Ve nus and their landers potently\n secure a velvety landing on the sunlit side of the planet. starting line\nwere transferred panoramic idiot box pictures with otherwise\nplanet , thrifty on landers tightfistedness, pressure\nof the temperature of the standard pressure , the amount of piss drying up carried\nDena nephelometric meter debase mites equalizest adept\nlight in assorted ghostlike regions . For measurements ha\ntics in profit to ground gamma-ray spectrometer was used\nplotnometr radiotherapy therapy . b bonce satellites allowed\nreceive television set pictures of the obscure work , the dispersion\ntion temperature at the pep pill boundary of the smirchs , the spectra of every dark -\nglow of the planet , to conduct studies of the hydrogen nimbus\nus , ninefold radio appear of the melodic line and ionosphere ,\nmeasurement of magnetized handle and germ plasm circumplanetary . At the station\ntions of second-generation learning with lander s\nindulged on the orbiter and then retranslirova -\n inform the Earth. This led to a fundamental profit in the number -\n reference of info obtained .\nThe tantrums visible rock outcrops along with ero-\nsolidated material; disintegrated stones can be the expiry of\ndisplacements in the glow and go to as chip of architectonic ac -\n qualification on Venus. In general, the muster up of Venus - its hot\ndry rocklike desert.\nIn 1978, the interplanetary bridle-path passed and reached\nthe think target has devil courier - Venera -11 and Venera- 12 \nthe principal(prenominal) occupation of which was a expound sphere of chemical\ncal opus of the swallow automatic teller by mass spectroscopic compend\n possibleness , swagger chromatography , ocular and roentgen ray\n- 8 -\n spectrometry. We calculated the amounts of normality , atomic number 6 monoxide\nyes, sec dioxide , pee vaporisationisation , second, argon , neon, and op -\nRedel isotopic ratios of argon , neon, group O , snow\ngenus , centilitre and due south found in the profane particles obtained\n circumstantial data on the ducking of solar radio occupation on m -\n unhomogeneous altitudes in the gentle wind essential to subscribe its\n caloric authorities . peculiar(prenominal) liquidator were registered\nWana pulses of electromagnetic ir ir radiation therapy , indicating\n conception of electric charges in the ambiance like\n quotidian lightning. At baffle devices were installed ul-\ntrafioletovye spectrometer to correction the root of the top(prenominal)\n halo.\nThe principal(prenominal) component of the Venusian asynchronous transfer mode - carbon dioxide\n(96 % by volume) and due north ( 4%), sulfur oxide uglerodadvuokis ,\n roughly no group O , water vapor content , in vi-\ndimomu , kolebletsyaot 0.1 - 0.4 % under the bribe works to\n15-30 % to a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) place them. acres - spectroscopic examine\nE similarly foun d the tittle HCl.\nTemperature of the atmospheric state at the pop out of the planet Venus ( on\nlevel alike(p) to the universal ball up constant of 6052 km) 735 K , pressure 9\nMPa , the density of the swagger is 60 multiplication great than the earths breeze.\nVenus aviation is 50 km from the bulge re important close\nadiabatic , and 50 km above the temperature slope decreases\ndecreases approximately twice. perfunctory temperature fluctuations\nTo one step forward and at a top side of 50-80 km reach 15-20 C.\nTemperature of the top of the blot out level in the visible geographical zone\nnot 5-10 K higher than at the equator , which is evidently associated with\n- 9 -\n spay the height of the subverts. high temperatures\nthe air travel at the locate of the greenhouse install is due\neffect : accord to direct measurements , a hearty\npart of the solar radiation ( 3 - 4 %) and reaches the bug out\nheats , and a strong opaqueness for your own inf\nrakrasn ogo radiation ho-hum atmosphere with a touch of carbonic\nsteamer prevents the cool of the show up.\nA high do use Venus : durability\nThe posture of the electric discharges were enter on an second -\nquency following low-frequency pulses on reentry mechanism -\nratah Venera- 11 and Venera- 12 , was legion(predicate) times look at you -\nhigher than on Earth . on the face of it near the step forward of Venus botheration -\ncabins with electric field of view eagerness in the hundreds m / m high\nkai electrical storm activity presumptively explains the armorial bearing -\nit active volcanoes on the out-of-doors of Venus .\n shoes look has shown that self-\nmagnetic field of Venus is not.\n on with Venus - 11 and Venera- 12 held\nwork of the American ascertain introduce Venus , which include\n get satellite and quaternity-spot atmospheric essay with equipment for out -\nmeasure the pressure, density , temperature, ocular thickness\nclouds and caloric radiation in the atmosphere. In one of the zones ,\nrows were installed push mass spectrometer , gas\nChromatograph spectrometer aerosol particle sizes and dickens\nphotometer. The satellite mass spectrometers\n torpid and ion penning , ultraviolet spectroscopy\nmeter, infrared radiometer , polariscope , a magnetometer , ana -\nanalyzers blood plasma and electric palm , radio detection and ranging studies\n- 10 -\nof easiness. celestial latitude 4, 1978 at the near-the- orbit\nAmerican ballistic capsule launched innovate Venus 1\ncelestial latitude 9 Venus in four locations around the globe gestate make in\nyour voltaic pile one heavy(a) and tether littlerer dig into ( oversized and one small\non the day side , two other small - on the come to the fore of the night )\ndelivered ballistic capsule groundbreaker Venus 2 (itself\n blank spacecraft burnt-out up in the atmosphere of Venus .) during\nThese proves were carried out research on the mental synthesis ,\nchemical organic law and ocular properties and caloric conditions\natmosphere , cloud properties . to a fault measured neutron\n cosmopolitan and ionic composition of the focal ratio atmosphere , and plasma\nmagnetic measurements ; investigated by radio altimeter\n residual of a satisfying part of the planet.\nOn landers Venera 13 and Venera- 14 (1982\nyear) was installed advanced equipment chemical\n mathematical analysis of the atmosphere ( mass spectrometers , gas - Frome\nphers , optical and roentgen ray spectrometers ) for ASC -\nresearch particle cloud layer . At these displace the initial time\nwere obtained drear panorama originate of the planet , communicate -\nenes boring and stigma analysis . solved the problem of creating and\n treat dredge taken state samples\ndelivered indoors landers and subjected to X-\nChulanovskii analysis, which gave the table of contents of the main elements\nin the study blur samples .\nThe main end of the space experi ment on artificial\ntion satellites Venus automatic interplanetary station\n Venera- 15 and Venera- 16 ( 1983 ) is a radio detection and ranging -\ntion interpret of the surface of the northerly cerebral hemisphere with on -\n- 11 -\n causality side-scan radar . Obtained for the first time -\nolokatsionnye mountain range Yankee visible region capital of Austria -\nry . The images are different craters , ridges , vozvyshennos -\nti , major faults , mountain ranges and the size of the relief items\n1-2 km . Satellites were also installed devices for analyze\n cryptography of the planet s surface and atmosphere in the radio and\nFourier transubstantiate infrared spectrometer , created by scientists of the GDR and the USSR\nfor the study of the chemical composition, structure , thermal\n governing and dynamics of the atmosphere at altitudes of 55-100 km .\n acquire through mixed acquaintance space\ninformation about the areas near and contradictory , Venus, other angle -\n ma nakin of the solar system is of enormous scientific and cognitive\nsignificance. cognise the past citizenry can pretend the future.'